This article, originally posted on Sept. 23, 2019, was updated on Feb. 18, 2022, to reflect current data.

Please note that these statistics aren’t updated regularly. Always check with your state’s hospital associations for the most up-to-date information.

Hospitals often use color codes to alert staff to an emergency or another significant event. These emergency codes allow trained hospital personnel to respond quickly and appropriately to various incidents.

Hospital emergency codes have often varied widely by location — even within hospitals in the exact same community. This potential for confusion has led many states to adopt standardized codes for all hospitals.

In 2000, the Hospital Association of Southern California (HASC) released a handbook, “Healthcare Emergency Codes: A Guide for Code Standardization,” strongly urging a uniform code system after three people were killed in a shooting incident after the wrong emergency code was called. Code Gray, which typically means a combative person, was announced, drawing staff members toward the shooter. At the time of this incident, in California hospitals, 47 different codes were used for infant abduction and 61 were used for a combative person.

Three years later, Maryland mandated that all acute hospitals in the state have uniform codes. According to a January 2020 report from the Iroquois Healthcare Association (IHA), other states that recommend color code standardization include Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin.

When this article was originally published, six fewer states had recommended color code standardization, demonstrating the growing realization of its importance.

As of Jan. 2020, at least 25 state hospital associations recommend plain language alerts, including Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin.

Other healthcare worker organizations that recommend the use of plain language include 12 different state hospital associations, patient safety organizations and healthcare worker organizations have recommended the use of plain language for hospital emergencies, including the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA), the American Hospital Association, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the National Incident Management System (NIMS), the Institute of Medicine, the Joint Commission, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

It is important to note that while there is significant agreement among the 10 color code systems we’ll address in this article, there is no national standard for emergency color codes, leading to inconsistencies among standard systems that are used by each state. This is demonstrated in the chart below from IHA’s report.

(Graphic: Hospital Emergency Codes Standardization and Plain Language Recommendations and Guidance, Iroquois Healthcare Association)

Code Blue

Code Blue means someone is experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency, typically an adult. It often means cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. All staff members near the location of the code may need to go to the patient. Most of the time, each employee has a preassigned role in the event of a Code Blue.

Code White

Code White indicates a baby or child is experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency. Having a different code for a pediatric emergency is important since treating children often requires specialized equipment.

Code Red

Code Red alerts hospital staff to a fire or probable fire. A Code Red may also be activated if someone smells or sees smoke. This code will often come with information about the fire’s location and will typically require evacuation.

Code Gray indicates a combative or aggressive person, requiring security personnel. It is also typically accompanied by a description of the dangerous person(s) and their location.

Code Orange

Code Orange can vary. While it also denotes a combative or aggressive person at some hospitals, at most, it means a call for medical decontamination, typically due to a hazardous fluids spill, like chemicals or patient blood.

Code Green

Code Green seems to be the most wavering code, but overall, it indicates the hospital is activating an emergency operations plan. Some hospitals use it to alert the arrival of patients from a mass casualty event while others use it to denote a missing high-risk patient. Typically, the code announcement also includes which emergency operations plan should be activated.

Code Silver

Code Silver alerts hospital staff to a person with a weapon and/or active shooter and/or hostage situation. Be sure not to confuse this with a Silver Alert, which some cities, including New York, use when there are missing seniors in imminent danger due to severe cognitive impairments or urgent need of medical care.

Code Black

Code Black indicates a bomb threat. Each hospital should have an evacuation protocol in the event of a bomb threat.