^*RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA

^†Kaiser Permanente Center for Effectiveness & Safety Research

^‡Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA

^§Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA

^∥Morrison & Associates Inc, Nantucket, MA

^¶Centers for Medicare & Medicaid, Services, Baltimore, MD

^#RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA

^✠Deceased.

Supported by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) under contract HHSM-500-2017-00083G to the RAND Corporation.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Marc N. Elliott, PhD, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401. E-mail: [email protected].