Source: NBC News

Two days after a white gunman opened fire and killed 10 Black people at a Buffalo, New York, grocery store, teacher Elizabeth Close began her high school ethnic studies class in Austin, Texas, by reminding her students about a new state law that requires her to provide balanced perspectives on “widely debated and currently controversial issues.”

Close told her students that under the law, one of several recently implemented across the country that limit the ways teachers can discuss racism and current events, she was obligated to inform them that there’s more than one way to view Saturday’s mass shooting.

On one hand, she explained that authorities are investigating the killings as a racially motivated hate crime carried out by an 18-year-old who reportedly wrote of his belief in a conspiracy theory that white Americans are being “replaced” by people of color through immigration, interracial marriage and integration.

“But I’m also supposed to tell you that that’s just one perspective,” Close recalled telling her students. “Another perspective is that this young man was out defending the world — or his kind — from being taken over.”

Close waited for her comment to fully register with her students, then added: “If you guys want to know why I’m thinking about quitting at the end of the year, it’s because of these types of policies — the fact that I have to have this conversation with you.”

Close said she was being intentionally provocative, trying to shock students into thinking critically about the Buffalo shooting as well as the Texas law. But she was also venting a frustration shared by many social studies teachers nationwide.

“I think we’re all just tired,” she said.

This week, educators are once again grappling with how to discuss a mass shooting that appears to have been motivated by bigotry, just as they did in 2019 after a shooting rampage targeting Mexicans at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas; in 2018 after a massacre at a synagogue in Pittsburgh; and in 2015 after a white gunman killed Black parishioners at a church in Charleston, South Carolina.

This time, however, teachers and education experts say these already difficult classroom conversations are being complicated or suppressed under a wave of state laws and school board policies that restrict the ways educators discuss racism. Fearing for their jobs, teachers in some communities are avoiding the conversation altogether, said Anton Schulzki, a high school social studies teacher in Colorado Springs and president of the National Council for the Social Studies.

“If a student brings up Buffalo, the teacher will simply say, ‘Sorry, I can’t talk about that,’ or ‘We’re not allowed to talk about that,’” said Schulzki, noting that educators have been disciplined or fired after discussing racism, sexuality and politics with students. “And ultimately what that does, unfortunately, is we’re actually depriving our students of an important discussion.”

Educators took to social media and wrote essays debating how to talk about the Buffalo shooting. A math teacher in Atlanta wrote of being afraid to answer when his students brought it up. Responding to a tweet about how teachers should discuss the shooting, an educator in east Texas wrote, “Legally, I can’t touch it.”

NBC News sent messages to the Republican authors of four state laws that limit classroom discussions on race, including state Sen. Bryan Hughes in Texas. Hughes and two of the other bill authors didn’t respond.

State Sen. John Schickel, the primary sponsor of a Kentucky law that restricts the ways teachers discuss racism and “controversial” subjects, said he thinks it’s good that teachers are spending less time talking about current events, which he said students could learn about on their own by reading newspapers or watching TV.

“Our educational system I believe should be teaching reading, writing and arithmetic and factual history, and stay out of politics,” Schickel said.

A spokesman for the Texas Education Agency, which is responsible for enforcing state education policy, did not respond to a message requesting a comment.

Chloe Latham Sikes, the deputy director of policy for the Intercultural Development Research Association, an education nonprofit based in San Antonio, said Texas education officials have not published clear guidance on how teachers should interpret the state’s so called anti-critical race theory law.

“Because of that confusion, we’ve heard from a lot of teachers who are steering clear of any conversations dealing with racism and gender inclusivity and these issues that are incredibly pertinent and relevant to students’ lives,” Sikes said.

Education experts describe social studies and history courses as a potential antidote to the types of extremist ideologies that appear to have motivated the suspect in Buffalo, providing students with historical context about the legacy of racism in America and media literacy skills that could help prevent them from being radicalized online.

Authorities say the suspect in Buffalo wrote extensively about his belief in the racist “great replacement” conspiracy theory, which falsely claims white people are being replaced in America as part of an elaborate Jewish plot.

The challenge for teachers who want to discuss that subject, said Ryan Crowley, a professor of social studies education at the University of Kentucky, is that aspects of replacement theory have been embraced in recent years by mainstream Republican leaders and conservative commentators, making the once-fringe theory into a widely debated issue. Crowley cited a recent poll that found a third of adults believe an effort is underway to replace U.S.-born voters with immigrants.

“I think personally that would be an important lesson,” said Crowley, whose college courses prepare social studies teachers for the classroom. “But I can understand why teachers might be hesitant to engage in that discussion and just avoid it.”

Crowley rattled off other ways a high school teacher could connect the Buffalo shooting to historical context and current events. A teacher could use the incident as a launching point to introduce a lesson about debates over gun control legislation in America, Crowley said, or a deep dive on how online spaces can breed extremism. But those discussions might also put a teacher at risk in the current climate, Crowley said.

“I think a lot of teachers have a sense of fear right now,” he said.

Terry Harris, the executive director of student services at the Rockwood School District in the suburbs of St. Louis, said educators have an obligation to teach the historical context of current events, while also creating a space where students feel safe expressing their feelings.

“The teacher doesn’t necessarily have to have the answer, but the teacher can say, ‘Why do you think that happened? How do you feel about that? What should we do about that?’” said Harris, whose district has been the target of parent protests over its diversity and inclusion efforts.

“We used to have the room to have these conversations,” he added. “With these laws, teachers are thinking, ‘I’m not really willing to risk that conversation and lose my job because I have a family to feed.’”

In an essay published three days after the Buffalo shooting, Sari Beth Rosenberg, a history teacher in New York City, detailed her plans to discuss the attack with her students and connect it to topics related to racism and U.S. history that they’d been studying all school year. If she was teaching in a different state or school district, Rosenberg said her impromptu lesson plans might have cost her her job.

“What the states are doing is asking teachers to commit — and I’m not being hyperbolic — educational malpractice,” Rosenberg said in an interview. “It’s like telling a doctor to operate in a way that he knows is not going to be the best outcome for the patient.”

These lessons are vital, Rosenberg said, not only to help students of color process a deadly attack that targeted Black people, but also for white students who might be persuaded by the types of racist ideologies that can lead to violence.

“I’d like to think that if we can start at a young age teaching these concepts and this history to kids, they’ll be less likely to fall prey to online radicalization,” she said.

Jonathan Feingold, a professor at Boston University School of Law and an expert in education law, has been studying the wave of state laws restricting lessons that Republicans have branded as critical race theory. Feingold said he believes the Buffalo attack and the national conversation about replacement theory offer educators, students and parents an opportunity to turn those laws on their heads.

In Texas, for example, Feingold said the law that requires balanced perspectives on controversial issues also includes a provision that prohibits schools from teaching that “one race or sex is inherently superior to another race or sex.”

“One could persuasively argue that the text of the law actually compels teachers in Texas to affirmatively denounce white supremacist ideologies like great replacement theory,” Feingold said. “Because great replacement theory or white replacement theory is predicated on a notion of racial hierarchy.”

Close, the teacher in Texas who told her students she was required to share multiple perspectives on the Buffalo attack, hadn’t thought of that approach. As the school year comes to a close, she’s still struggling with whether she’ll return to the classroom next year.

A teacher of the year finalist in the Austin Independent School District this year, Close said she’s inspired by notes from students, especially in her ethnic studies course, who say her lessons have made them think differently about difficult subjects, including racism.

In class Monday, she said she explained the history of replacement theory and noted that some leaders in Texas share aspects of that belief, including Republican Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, who said on Fox News last year that Democrats were allowing millions of immigrants to enter the country as part of a liberal plot “to take over our country without firing a shot.”

Close said she couldn’t fathom a way of responsibly discussing the subject, in a classroom that includes students of color and immigrants, without violating Texas law.

So she didn’t hold back.

“If we’re not able to have these discussions,” Close said, “how else are students going to envision a better future?”

Mike Hixenbaugh is a senior investigative reporter for NBC News, based in Houston.